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Extraction and application of tannin in the medical, food and chemical industries Xindi Zhang, Hongyue Wang, Qianyun Jia, Jiaqing Cao, Xiangrong Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2021, 3 (1): 62-75.   Abstract （893）      PDF（pc） （1596KB）（2129）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Tannins are kinds of polyphenols found in plants, which can be divided into hydrolyzed tannins and condensed tannins according to the structure. They are extracted using solid/liquid, supercritical, pressurized water, and microwaveassisted extraction approaches. Because of the excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties, tannins are widely used in medicine and food process. Considering the above advantages, the present review focused on various techniques to extract tannins and their application in the medical, food and chemical industries. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A review: anticancer activity of grape seed proanthocyanidins Fengjiao Zhang, Tingting Zhang, Jingyu Yang, Chunfu Wu Journal of Polyphenols    2020, 2 (1): 1-10.   Abstract （1512）      PDF（pc） （1311KB）（1150）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract For years, a great deal of work has been carried out on proanthocyanidins extracted from various kinds of plants, of which grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) attract most attention due to their benefi cial roles in human health. Indeed, GSPs have demonstrated substantial health benefi ts for a variety of disorders such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases, to just name a few. In particular, GSPs inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in various human cancers, including head and neck carcinoma, gastrointestinal tumors, lung cancer, skin tumors, and reproductive tumors, which points them to be promising chemo-preventive and/or chemotherapeutic agents. In this setting, we summarized the eff ects of GSPs against various types of cancer with a focus on the detailed molecular mechanisms involving various signaling pathways of tumor cells, which may serve as a basis for development of improved chemo-preventive or therapeutic strategies for cancer Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of polyphenols in Radix Puerariae on liver protection and anti-diabetes Yerong Yuan, Zihui Wei, Zunchao Liu, Wei Li, Jiaqing Cao, Xiangrong Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (1): 42-54.   Abstract （737）      PDF（pc） （1035KB）（1112）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract In recent years, the incidence of liver diseases and diabetes is increasing year by year, and the patients are younger than before. Although the clinical medicine treatment is effective, but it would produce side eff ects. Radix Puerariae is the dried root of the Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. Puerarin is an isofl avone compound with polyphenol structure. It is one of the main bioactive components of Radix Puerariae. Studies have found that the application of puerarin offers beatifical act on liver protection, hypoglycemia, blood lipid, antioxidant, anti-osteoporosis, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protection. Puerarin has been used in the treatment of liver disease and diabetes. In this study, the effect of puerarin on liver protection, diabetes treatment and the relationship between the two diseases were reviewed. The therapeutic mechanism and molecular targets of puerarin were explored in order to further improve the development of puerarin and increase its clinical application in protection against liver disease and diabetes. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Variation in phenolic composition and color features of red wine during vinification Chen Wang, Lingxi Li, Yuanyuan Li, Baoshan Sun, Shuting Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2019, 1 (1): 33-49.   Abstract （1179）      PDF（pc） （1355KB）（1046）       Knowledge map    Save The compositions and contents of phenolic components during the three periods (alcoholic fermentation, malolactic fermentation and aging process) of wine making by Cabernet Sauvignon were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The color parameters of the wine were also determined by CIELab method. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were adopted to analyze the correlation between phenolic content and color parameters. In fermentation and aging periods, anthocyanins and other phenolic components in wine increased at first, and before the end of malolactic fermentation, the contents reached the highest, and later experienced a downward trend, then contents change showed a stable trend in the later stage of storage. During the whole wine-making, anthocyanins had significant correlation with CIELab parameter a* and anthocyanin malvidin-3-O-glucoside was mainly observed to present a large impact on a* in aging period, causing the red color change of wine. Other phenolic components affected the CIELab parameters a*, b* and L* differently. Statistical analysis about the color parameters and 15 phenolic components revealed correlations between the color properties and detectable phenolic contents. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress of phenolic compounds and pharmacological effects in Cerasus Yihan Sun, Sheng Dong, Caibin Yang, Yaqi Wang, Guogang Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2021, 3 (1): 42-61.   Abstract （823）      PDF（pc） （2338KB）（975）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract The phenolic compounds in Cerasus were complex, mainly including fl avonoids, phenolic acids and lignin, and had antioxidant, anti-infl ammatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic and other pharmacological activities. Its fruit contains calcium, sugar, iron, phosphorus, protein, carotene and vitamin C, which has high nutritional value. This paper reviews the research progress of chemical constituents and pharmacological eff ects of Cerasus in recent years, so as to provide reference for its further research. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cranberry cultivated in China: UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of its acidic ethanol extract and assessment of its anti-bacterial and anti-tumor activities in vitro Changhua Li, Lin Wang, Dianwen Wei, Gaosheng Hu, Xiaoning Zhang, Zhihong Lou, Qiong Zhang, Jingming Jia, Yongsheng Hou Journal of Polyphenols    2019, 1 (1): 50-61.   Abstract （1024）      PDF（pc） （3753KB）（972）       Knowledge map    Save Cranberry, the fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, is becoming popular all over the world, due to its pleasant taste, nutraceutical value and biological activities. For a long time, 98% of its yield has been from America. Since being introduced to China as an import in recent decades, cranberry has become a rapid success in the food industry even with the high transportation cost. Recently, V. macrocarpon was cultivated in the Northeast of China, and the area of cultivation has increased dramatically. Therefore, it is important to systematically determine the useful compounds and their activity in this “Made-in-China” cranberry. In the present study, the content of total phenolics, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, sugars and organic acids was determined. Our results demonstrated that domestic cranberry is a rich source of phenolics, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, sugars and organic acids. Analysis of the chemical composition of an acidic ethanol extract by UPLC-QTOF-MS identified 21 compounds as well as the contents determination of catechin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside using RPHPLC. Furthermore, cranberry extract was tested for its anti-bacterial activity against five clinically important pathogens, as well as its inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of cancer cells in vitro. Our results demonstrated that cranberry produced in Chinese cultivation areas is a rich source of bioactive compounds and exhibited in vitro anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities. Our work provides essential information about the quality of domestic cranberry and facilitates the development of related industries. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A review: effect and mechanism of plant extracts rich in polyphenols on reducing uric acid activity Shuping Wang, Fuqi Wang, Ruowen Zhang, Xu Zhao Journal of Polyphenols    2021, 3 (1): 1-13.   Abstract （1026）      PDF（pc） （5761KB）（833）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Hyperuricemia is a metabolic condition caused by the increase of uric acid level in the body, which can lead to gout, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes. In recent years, the incidence rate of hyperuricemia has been increasing and gradually becoming younger. Allopurinol and febuxostat are commonly used drugs to reduce the level of uric acid in the body. Although these drugs have good curative eff ect, they can produce adverse reactions. Therefore, it has been the focus of attention to fi nd appropriate treatment and new drugs to reduce serum uric acid level. Natural plants have become the source of new drugs for their multiple biological activities, strong effi cacy and minimal side eff ects. More and more studies have shown that natural plant extracts rich in phenols, fl avonoids and other active components can signifi cantly reduce the level of uric acid, and improve the complications caused by high uric acid. In this paper, hyperuricemia related diseases, functional plants rich in polyphenols with the effect of reducing uric acid and the mechanism of their active components were reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of flavonoids from the fruit of Aronia melanocarpa Yan Wang, Ming Song, Wei Xu, Weizhuo Xu Journal of Polyphenols    2021, 3 (1): 76-83.   Abstract （862）      PDF（pc） （1179KB）（776）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract As a new resource food, Aronia melanocarpa is rich in fl avonoids, which has a broad development prospect. In order to obtain a higher extraction rate of fl avonoids, cellulase was used to extract total fl avonoids from the fruits of Aronia melanocarpa by ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE). The extraction process was optimized by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The optimum conditions were as follows: enzymatic hydrolysis time 2.0 h, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 37 ℃, enzyme content 0.5% (by weight of fruit pulp), ethanol concentration 90%, solid-liquid ratio 1 : 20, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 37 ℃, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 37 ℃, enzyme content 0.5% (by weight of fruit pulp), ethanol concentration 90%. Ultrasonic extraction time 1.0h, temperature 45 ℃. Under the above conditions, the extraction yield of fl avonoids reached 1.455 mg/g. Compared with ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), the extraction yield was signifi cantly improved. Therefore, ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis is an eff ective method for the extraction of total fl avonoids from Aronia melanocarpa. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The fingerprint and flavonoids contents by HPLC and the UPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS analysis of Sedum aizoon L. Tanye Xu, Chongning Lv, Jincai Lu Journal of Polyphenols    2019, 1 (1): 23-32.   Abstract （902）      PDF（pc） （3270KB）（766）       Knowledge map    Save Fingerprint analysis of Sedum aizoon L. was carried by High-performance liquid chromatography. There were 27 common peaks in the fingerprint of 10 samples. Eight of these common peaks, peaks 1 (arbutin), 4 (gallic acid), 10 (myricetin- 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), 14 (myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside), 19 (quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside), 22 (kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside), 24 (quercetin) and 26 (kaempferol) were identified by reference substances. Moreover, six flavonoid compounds were simultaneously determined by the above method. By comparing with the constituents in the aerial parts, roots and flowers, it’s easy found that the aerial parts of S. aizoon had abundant flavonoids and the flavonoid aglycones mostly exist in the roots, while the flavonoid glycosides largely existing in the flowers. In addition, an UPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS method was developed for qualitative analysis of the aerial parts of S. aizoon. This study may provide a preliminary reference for the quality control of S. aizoon. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Studies on the comparative pharmacokinetic of three phenolic acids of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in normal and hyperlipidemic rats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Xun Gao, Kaishun Bi, Jingqing Mu, Longshan Zhao, Yue Zhang, Shaoyi Guan, Huifen Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2021, 3 (1): 32-41.   Abstract （822）      PDF（pc） （2539KB）（749）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract The hydrophilic phenolic acid is the main component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge against cardiovascular diseases. A validated and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established to simultaneously determinate three phenolic acids (danshensu, protocatechuic acid and rosmarinic acid) in rats to investigate their pharmacokinetic profiles firstly. The values for limit of quantification were in range of 0.25–1.25 μg/L. Meanwhile, the suitable intra-day and inter-day precision as well as extraction recoveries were also obtained. And such an established method was finally successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviors of three phenolic acids in normal and hyperlipidemic rats after oral administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The results showed there were significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between normal and hyperlipidemic groups. In especial, the plasma level of three phenolic acids in hyperlipidemic groups was signifi cantly higher than normal ones. This comparative pharmacokinetic study provided direct evidence for improving clinical rational use of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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In silico study of wine anthocyanins and their polymeric pigments on human pancreatic α-amylase and salivary α-amylase Lingxi Li, Shuting Zhang, Baoshan Sun Journal of Polyphenols    2019, 1 (1): 62-69.   Abstract （1036）      PDF（pc） （588KB）（714）       Knowledge map    Save Polyphenols, such as procyanidins and anthocyanins, as natural α-amylase inhibitors, have been extremely studied about their inhibitory activity in vitro. In this work, molecular docking was used to explore the efficacy of wine anthocyanins and their polymeric pigments to inhibit human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) and salivary α-amylase (HSA). Three residues, ASP197, GLU233 and ASP300 were proposed as main interacting residues with both HPA and HSA. Hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction played important roles in binding. Polymeric pigments showed stronger affinity with HPA and might be a potential α-amylase inhibitor. Moreover, according to the docking result of HSA, polymeric pigments exhibited more impact on astringency than anthocyanins. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Simultaneous determination of gallic acid and p-coumaric acid in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of monomer compound and red wine extract Huijie Lv, Mengyu Zou, Weichao Yu, Baoshan Sun, Yan Cui Journal of Polyphenols    2019, 1 (1): 1-11.   Abstract （1344）      PDF（pc） （4626KB）（698）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract A rapid, sensitive and selective ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLCMS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of gallic acid (GA) and p-coumaric acid (CA) in rat plasma. Plasma samples were extracted by methanol and separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm) using gradient elution consisting of acetonitrile – 0.2% formic acid within a runtime of 4.0 min. The detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with negative ionization. The linear range was 20– 20000 ng/mL for both GA and CA, with lower limits of quantification of 20 ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were within 5.4% and 10.0%, respectively and the accuracy (relative error, RE, %) was less than 7.2% and –4.9%, respectively. The mean absolute extraction recoveries of both analytes and IS from rat plasma were all more than 82.6%. The validated method was successfully applied to the comparative pharmacokinetic study of GA and CA in rat plasma after oral administration of GA and CA monomers and red wine extract, respectively. It was found that both the area under the curve (AUC) and t1/2 of the two constituents were remarkably increased for red wine extract group than that in monomer group, indicating the priority of intake of red wine to active component monomer Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Phenolic compounds obtained from the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida with neuroprotective activities Rui Guo, Fengying Han, Tianming Lv, Xiaoxiao Huang, Shaojiang Song Journal of Polyphenols    2019, 1 (1): 70-75.   Abstract （951）      PDF（pc） （6006KB）（693）       Knowledge map    Save Ten phenolic compounds (1a/1b, 2–9) including a pair of enantiomers (1a/1b), along with eight analogues (2–9) were isolated from the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida. Enantiomers 1a/1b were separated successfully by chiral chromatographic column. Their structures were established by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configurations of enantiomers were determined by comparison between the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. In addition, all isolates were investigated for their neuroprotective effects against H2O2 – induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. It was found that enantiomers 1a and 1b displayed significant neuroprotective activities but no enantioselectivity. In addition, compounds 3–6 showed obvious neuroprotective effects at different concentrations, while compound 8 exhibited potential neuroprotective effect at higher concentration (50 μmol/L). Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Kaphta: Text mining web tool to extract information on the anticancer activity of polyphenols Ramon Gustavo Teodoro Marques da Silva, Samuel Lucas Santos Gomes, Paulo Muniz de Ávila, Gustavo José da Silva, Ana Lucia Fachin, Edilson Carlos Caritá, Mozart Marins Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (2): 87-100.   Abstract （515）      PDF（pc） （3067KB）（665）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract In this paper, we describe the application of Kaphta architecture, a resource for text mining of the anticancer activity of polyphenols. The anticancer activity of these compounds against different types of cancer has been widely reported in the literature and they are one of the most promising molecules for the development of anticancer drugs. The architecture, which comprises four sequential and well-defined steps, uses a hybrid approach composed of a dictionary, rules and machine learning to identify abstracts containing sentences with associations between polyphenol, cancer and gene entities. The application of the architecture on 23 826 PubMed abstracts generated a knowledge base of indexed abstracts with 172 169 sentences containing, polyphenol-cancer and polyphenol-gene associations. A Web tool was implemented that allowed the user to search for information on 2 006 polyphenols, 240 cancers and 3 121 genes entities, and 11 750 polyphenol-cancer and 9 160 polyphenol-gene associations indexed in the knowledge base. A ranking algorithm calculates scores for each indexed abstract considering the number and type of sentences with entities and rules recognized. A test with users demonstrated that the visualization resources on the web tool contributes to the understanding of the association between polyphenols, genes and cancers, in comparison with the PubMed Tool. The Kaphta architecture and web tool permits to extract knowledge on the anticancer activity of polyphenols and can thus contribute to the exploration of these molecules in the development of anticancer therapies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Structural composition of oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins from diff erent parts of grape pomace Marta de Sá, Patrícia Martins, Baoshan Sun Journal of Polyphenols    2020, 2 (1): 11-23.   Abstract （874）      PDF（pc） （1432KB）（578）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Grape pomace is one of the most abundant solid by-products generated during winemaking, rich in bioactive compounds, i.e., proanthocyanidins. The major objective of this work was to characterize structurally oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins of diff erent parts of grape pomace (seed, skin, and stem). Column chromatography techniques were used to isolate oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins fractions from diff erent parts of grape pomace. The purifi ed grape seed proanthocyanidins were used to assess the effi ciency of the three most frequently-used acidic degradation methods, using benzyl mercaptan, phloroglucinol, and cysteamine as nucleophiles. The structural characterization of proanthocyanidins in the different parts of grape pomace was further performed by the phloroglucinolysis and ESI-MS analysis. The results showed signifi cant diff erences in the structural composition of proanthocyanidins among diff erent parts of pomace. A positive correlation was found between the mean degree of polymerization and percentage of galloylation, in both oligomeric and polymeric fractions. The results provided useful information for the preparation of diff erent proanthocyanidins products from grape pomace. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Alginate-chitosan conjugated nanoliposome for catechin: Preparation, characterization and stability Wenxin Wu, Jingjing Lv, Hao Wang, Shuting Zhang, Xiangrong Zhang, Baoshan Sun Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (2): 67-76.   Abstract （480）      PDF（pc） （1843KB）（575）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Catechin (CTC) is a phenolic active compound with multiple biological activities. However, CTC is relatively unstable, easily oxidized and poorly soluble in water, showing limited bioavailability, which is a challenge for its application in the pharmaceutical and food industry. The purpose of this study was to promote the controlled release of CTC in the simulated gastrointestinal (GI) tract by using biopolymer-coupled nanoliposomes (NL). The nanoliposome was characterized by multifunctional polycrystalline X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results exhibited that the size of the nanocarrier was in the range of 87-178 nm, the encapsulation efficiency of CTC was 93.5%, and the combination of chitosan (CS) and alginate (ALG) was better than that of monopolymer. In vitro digestion studies showed that ALG-CS-NL significantly controlled the release of CTC by the diffusion, dissolution, and slow release mechanism and retained about 33%-37% of CTC under the GI condition. These results demonstrated that ALG-CS -NL could increase the stability of CTC, which may be important for the development of nutraceutical-enriched functional foods. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Noradrenergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems are implicated in antidepressant-like effect of flavonoids extracted from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench.) fruit in the forced swimming test Fuyuan Li, Xiaozhuo Zhang, Qianqian Mao, Bo Wu, Ying Jia, Tingxu Yan Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (1): 17-31.   Abstract （613）      PDF（pc） （1006KB）（562）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench.) is one of the most frequently used herbals in East or West Africa, and its various biological activities have been widely studied. Flavonoids extracted from many plants are reported to have neurological properties, e. g antidepressant and antifatigue. However, its neurological protect in antidepressant-like effect of fl avonoids extracted from okra have not yet been demonstrated. The present study was aimed at investigating the antidepressant-like effect of the fl avonoids extracted from okra fruit (FOF) using the forced swimming test (FST) pattern and preliminary exploration its potential mechanism. We also used the open field test (OFT) to estimate the spontaneous locomotor activity. We found that oral administration (p. o.) of FOF (300 mg/kg) alone signifi cantly reduced the immobility time in the FST without changes in locomotor activity in the OPT. The experimental data indicated the antidepressant-like effect of FOF involved in noradrenergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A concise total synthesis of natural flavonols Gaigai Liu, Shunqiang Gong, Zhan Li, Xingyi Du, Xiaolou Miao, Xuhong Ren Journal of Polyphenols    2020, 2 (1): 35-42.   Abstract （821）      PDF（pc） （1149KB）（560）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract In this study, we designed a convenient method, to total synthesis of fl avonols especially for C-5 substituted ones and derivatives on a large scale. Beginning from the inexpensively available 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone through Aldol condensation reaction, I2/DMSO cyclization reaction, Oxone “one pot” oxidation, kaempferol (1) and derivative (2) was obtained in an overall yield of 35%. The structures of the target compound and key intermediates were verifi ed by MS, IR, 1 H-NMR and 13C-NMR techniques, and the structure of 5a was further confi rmed by X-ray diff raction analysis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Exploration of anti-cardiac fibrosis active ingredients of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. fruit and their mechanism of action based on chromatography-mass spectrometry and network pharmacology Minjie Li, Xiaoli Wang, Tianyu Cheng, Weizhuo Tang, Xiaoshu Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (1): 1-14.   Abstract （839）      PDF（pc） （3953KB）（506）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract The fruit of Eucalyptus globulus Labill., also known as “Yikouzhong (YKZ)” in China, belongs to the myrtaceae family. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of YKZ extract by GC-MS combined with LC-MS/MS. A total of 34 compounds were initially identified by GC-MS and 54 compounds were identified by LC-MS/MS positive and negative total ion flow maps. The total phenols and flavonoid-like substances were quantified using an enzyme standardization method to determine the presence of phenolic substances in them. At the same time, a network pharmacology approach based on LC-MS/MS was used to construct a “drug-component-target” network for myocardial protection, and 696 potential anti-myocardial fibrosis targets were obtained. The PPI analysis identifi ed 72 core targets, and the enrichment analysis revealed that the core targets may exert anti-myocardial fibrosis effects by regulating Lipid and atherosclerosis and Proteoglycans signaling pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that YKZ anti-cardiac fibrosis may act through multiple components and targets, and this study provides a scientific basis for the functional development and application of YKZ against myocardial fibrosis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Galangin probably ameliorates hyperuricemia by inhibiting urate acid transport 1 (URAT1): Homology modeling and mechanism exploration Aijinxiu Ma, Fuqi Wang, Xu Zhao Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (1): 55-63.   Abstract （680）      PDF（pc） （2075KB）（440）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Urate acid transporter 1 (URAT1) is the main transporter of uric acid reabsorption, which closely related to the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia. Screening URAT1 inhibitors and studying their possible metabolic processes is a hot spot in the development of uric acid-lowering drugs. Studies have shown that many food-borne plant polyphenols have uric acid lowering activity with non-toxic side eff ects, and can be used to improve and alleviate hyperuricemia. In this study, we take galangin (GAL) as an example to explore the mechanism of plant polyphenols affecting hyperuricemia by inhibiting URAT1. Homology modeling was used to construct a three-dimensional model of URAT1 protein, and the structure was optimized. Ramachandran diagram was used to verify the rationality of model protein structure. A known URAT1 inhibitor, benzbromarone (BBR), was used to dock with URAT1 to determine the docking site and show the key amino acids. GAL and model protein were docked by molecular docking method to analyze their interaction. Meanwhile, comparing the interaction of BBR and GAL with the key amino acids of model proteins, the binding of GAL was more stable, suggesting that GAL could aff ects hyperuricemia by inhibiting URAT1. This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the development of new functional food ingredients for lowering uric acid. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Eff ect of enzymatic extraction conditions on the yield and the polymerization degree of procyanidins Shijie Sun, Xiong Chen, Zhaoyang Pei, Lulu Xu, Cuiying Qin, Jing Han Journal of Polyphenols    2020, 2 (1): 24-34.   Abstract （954）      PDF（pc） （1449KB）（429）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Grape seeds are rich sources of procyanidin (PCs) known for potential health benefi ts. In this study, PCs were extracted from defatted grape seeds by enzymatic method in which pectinase and cellulase were used. The enzyme extraction process was further optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration of 70%, extraction time of 70 min, extraction temperature of 35 ℃, liquid/solid ratio of 103:1 (mL/g), pectinase/ cellulase ratio of 1:1, enzyme/solid ratio of 1:314 w/w. Under the above conditions, the extraction yields and mean degree of polymerisation (mDP) of PCs reached 47.18 mg/g dry material weight and 11.2, respectively. Compared with other extraction methods, enzyme extraction can obtain PCs with higher yield and lower mDP. According to the antioxidant activity test, PCs extracts with lower mDP showed better ability to clear 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). Enzymatic extraction was an effi cient method to obtain oligomeric procyanidin which has stronger antioxidant activity. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The mechanism of polyphenols in perilla against hyperuricemia using network pharmacology and molecular docking Lingling Wang, Aijinxiu Ma, Xu Zhao Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (1): 26-34.   Abstract （756）      PDF（pc） （3154KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract To investigate the possible targets and mechanisms of polyphenols in perilla in the treatment of hyperuricemia (HUA) Batman-TCM, TCMSP, PubMed, and CNKI databases were used to obtain the main components of perilla and component- related targets. HUAtargets were collected through GeneCards and OMIM online platforms. The HUAtarget and the perilla component target were crossed to obtain a common target. Protein interaction networks were constructed using the STRING database, and the compound-target-pathway network was constructed by Cytoscape software. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using the DAVID database. Molecular docking was used to verify the results. Thirteen potential active components, 101 component targets, 901 HUA-related targets, and 36 common targets were screened out. Through network topology analysis, core targets such as TP53, TNF, CASP3, and PPARG and active components such as luteolin, β-carotene, cyanidin, catechin, and linolenic acid ethyl ester were obtained. The topology analysis of the “compound-target- pathway” network showed that the polyphenolic compounds luteolin, cyanidin, and catechin were the main active components of the perilla in the treatment of HUA. This study showed that the treatment of HUA with perilla had the characteristics of a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-signal pathway, which provided a scientifc basis for further study on the molecular mechanism of the treatment of HUAwith the potential active components of perilla. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application and preliminary mechanism of dietary polyphenols in fruits against hyperuricemia Honghui Zhao, Danni Song, Xu Zhao Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (2): 77-86.   Abstract （503）      PDF（pc） （1825KB）（386）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Hyperuricemia is a metabolic condition caused by unbalanced production or excretion of serum uric acid (SUA) in the human body. Dietary polyphenols are non-nutritive compounds with prophylactic activity, mainly found in vegetables, fruits and other foods and herbs. Polyphenols have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and anticancer properties. Studies have shown that dietary polyphenols, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids have a significant effect on hyperuricemia. Unlike chemical drugs, dietary plant polyphenols have few side effects in the treatment of hyperuricemia. This review comprehensively discusses the dietary polyphenols in fruits, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbene and lignans, and expounds their mechanism of action, which can provide a reference for the consumption of fruits in patients with hyperuricemia. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Determination  of total flavonoids and its antioxidant activity in the exocarp of Aronia melanocarpa Longfa Li, Weizhuo Xu, Wei Xu, Ming Song Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (2): 101-111.   Abstract （525）      PDF（pc） （1305KB）（383）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract As a kind of berry food rich in flavonoids, the determination method of total flavonoids content of Aronia melanocarpa is of great significance. This paper compares the applicability of NaNO2-Al (NO3)3-NaOH colorimetry and AlCl3 colorimetry to total flavonoids content of the exocarp of Aronia melanocarpa by Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometry. At the same time, we determined hydroxyl radical (OH·-) inhibition rate, superoxide anion radical (O2·-) inhibition rate and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical free radical (DPPH·) scavenging rate of total flavonoids extracted from Aronia melanocarpa. It is found that AlCl3 colorimetry has good repeatability, precision, and accuracy. The method is suitable for the determination of total flavonoids in the exocarp of Aronia melanocarpa. Thus, by the established method the content of total flavonoids in the exocarp of Aronia melanocarpa was determined as high as (36.711 ± 0.034) mg/g. The results of antioxidant activity showed superoxide anion radical scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and DPPH radical scavenging ability of the total flavonoids extract reached 45.33%, 87.87% and 98.05%, respectively, indicating that it had good antioxidant activity. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Efficient semisynthetic approach for large preparation of procyanidin C1 through degradation of grape seed polymeric procyanidins Qian Li, Lina Zhang, Danyang Wang, Mengyao Zhao, Baoshan Sun, Shuting Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (1): 32-41.   Abstract （689）      PDF（pc） （2593KB）（372）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract An efficient method for producing trimeric procyanidin C1 (PCC1) was developed through degradation of grape seed polymeric procyanidins (PPCs), using epicatechin (EC) as nucleophile and hydrochloric acid as catalyst. With the yield of PCC1 as the evaluation index, the degradation conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based on the results of single-factor experiments. The results showed that the optimal conditions were reaction temperature of 40 ℃, the ratio of EC and PPCs 2:1, acidity of 0.10 mol/L, and reaction time of 20 min. The yield of PCC1 reached up to 17.7 mg by only one-step degradation of 3 g PPCs. This work proposed a new method for large preparation of PCC1 from waste grape seed polymeric procyanidins. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application and action mechanism of polyphenol delivery system Jia Kang, Junguo Wang, Junan Zheng, Changqing Xie, Jiaqing Cao, Xiangrong Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (1): 15-25.   Abstract （868）      PDF（pc） （2527KB）（372）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Polyphenols are a class of chemical components that are benefcial to human health. Polyphenol compounds provide advanced biomedical applications due to their antioxidant and anti-infammatory activity. They can also play a role in reducing the risk of various chronic diseases. However, most polyphenols are unstable compounds with low absorption and poor bioavailability which greatly limited their applications. Therefore, the delivery of polyphenols to specifc parts of the body has become a therapeutic necessity. In this study, the research of polyphenol delivery systems such as microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes and gels were mainly summarized. The action mechanism of polyphenols to intestinal microbiota, tumor cells, the brain, pancreas, and liver was analyzed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preparation and release of curcumin/silk fibroin/sodium alginate film Yerong Yuan, Jun’an Zheng, Zunchao Liu, Wei Li, Jiaqing Cao, Xiangrong Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2024, 6 (1): 1-10.   Abstract （121）      PDF（pc） （1550KB）（296）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract The aim of this study was to prepare silk fibroin/sodium alginate composite film containing curcumin by casting method. Orthogonal test was used to optimize the formulation according to the values of tensile strength and elongation at break. The release of curcumin in the optimal film was studied in order to explore its application as wound dressing. The results showed that the optimum composition of curcumin/silk fibroin/sodium alginate composite film was as follows: Silk fibroin (70 mg/mL) 2.7 g, sodium alginate (24 mg/mL) 0.84 g, span 40 (5.0 mg/mL) 0.4 g, glycerol (3.75%, V/V) 3 mL, curcumin (0.2 mg/mL) 0.016 g. The optimum film showed the tensile strength and the elongation at break was (0.628 ± 0.032) MPa and (0.794 ± 0.046) %, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular mechanism of Solanum Nigrum Linn in alcoholic liver damage based on network pharmacology and molecular docking Ziqi Sun, Xiaoli Wang, Xueying Wang, Nan Yang, Xiaoshu Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (2): 71-80.   Abstract （151）      PDF（pc） （5441KB）（252）       Knowledge map    Save Solanum Nigrum Linn, the purpose of this study was to characterize the chemical components of the extract of Solanum Nigrum Linn by LC-MS/MS, and to identify 29 compounds by positive and negative total ion flow maps. The potential mechanism of action of Solanum Nigrum Linn in treating alcoholic liver injury was investigated by means of network pharmacology and molecular docking. A total of 288 component target genes and 1 010 disease target genes were obtained, and 98 intersection targets and 7 core targets were obtained after the intersection of the two genes. GO analysis and KEGG analysis respectively obtained 20 signaling pathways such as anti-infl ammation and anti-apoptosis. The results of molecular docking showed that the blood components could successfully dock with the target proteins of the disease such as GAPDH, IL6, SRC, EGFR and ESR1. This study provided a scientifi c basis for the development and application of Solanum Nigrum Linn. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Improvement of Vitis amurensis Rupr. grape quality by using fish protein hydrolysates as fertilizer Jing Li, Yingjie Dong, Wei Zhou, Haiyan Wang, Xiaochun Huang, Shuting Zhang, Wei Zheng, Baoshan Sun Journal of Polyphenols    2019, 1 (1): 12-22.   Abstract （1028）      PDF（pc） （39218KB）（233）       Knowledge map    Save High quality wine grape is the first factor to satisfy the wine-maker to produce superior quality wines. In this work, a fish protein hydrolysates derived from deep-sea salmon or cod, was used as fertilizer to improve Shuanghong (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) grape quality. Application of powder fish protein hydrolysates fertilizer by spraying directly to foliar (4.5 kg/ha), to root (4.5 kg/ha) or to the both foliar (4.5 kg/ha) and root (4.5 kg/ha) were carried out respectively, during the period from 2–3 weeks before flowering until 2–3 weeks before harvest. Grape sampling was made at both veraison and harvest. Different classes of phenolic compounds, including 10 phenolic acids and 11 proanthocyanidins in grape seeds and 10 anthocyanins in grape skins were determined by UHPLC or HPLC; total anthocyanins and total polyphenols in grape skins were determined by spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant activities of the phenolic compounds were evaluated by ABTS and FRAP methods. The results showed that the application of fish protein hydrolysates fertilizer to both root and foliar led to a significant improvement of berry quality at harvest/maturity, i.e., increasing 12.13% total polyphenols (TP), 8.3% total anthocyanins 11.03% ABTS and 45.81% FRAP compared with control. Besides, both root and foliar application resulted in the highest individual anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in grapes. These results suggest that the both root and foliar application could be of great interest for the viticulturists to produce grapes with higher polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity. Although this work was experimented with Vitis amurensis Rupr. grapes, the proposed methods would also be applicable to other grape varieties for the purposes of increasing anthocyanin or polyphenol contents.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Exploring the mechanism of hypolipidemic effect of polyphenols in wolfberry based on network pharmacology and molecular docking Ming Yang, Honghui Zhao, Xu Zhao Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (2): 60-70.   Abstract （158）      PDF（pc） （5201KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the mechanism of hypolipidemic action of wolfberry polyphenols by using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The active ingredients and targets of wolfberry were searched by TCMSP, and the Cytoscape 3.9.0 software was used to construct a “ wolfberry component-target” network. The Gene Cards database was used to screen the hyperlipidemic targets and intersect them with the active targets of wolfberry to construct the PPI network using the STRING platform. The gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the core targets were carried out on the Metascape platform, and molecular docking of the active ingredients to the core targets was performed using AutoDockTools software. A total of 33 active ingredients and 173 potential targets of wolfberry were screened, including 99 targets related to hyperlipidemia. The results of the analysis of 99 intersecting targets with the components of wolfberry identifi ed the core active ingredients as quercetin, glycitein and atropine. The binding of the major components of wolfberry, including the polyphenolic compounds quercetin and glycitein, as well as atropine to the key targets AKT1, IL6 and TNF may be important mechanisms for the hypolipidemic therapeutic eff ect. GO functional enrichment analysis involves biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis mainly involves the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, fluid shear stress, and TNF signaling pathway. Molecular docking validated the good binding activity of the targets to the active ingredients. The binding of atropine and the polyphenolic compounds quercetin and glycitein to the key targets AKT1, IL6 and TNF may be an important mechanism for the hypolipidemic therapeutic effect of wolfberry. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Polyphenols extracted from Aronia melanocarpa by combined enzymatic and ultrasonication and their antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity Xinzhu Zhang, Ming Song, Weizhuo Xu, Wei Xu Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (1): 35-47.   Abstract （636）      PDF（pc） （999KB）（170）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract The extraction of polyphenols from Aronia melanocarpa was carried out using a combination of enzymatic and ultrasound. After single-factor and orthogonal design and experiment, the optimized polyphenol extraction conditions were 1% enzyme, 1:40 material-to-liquid ratio, 55 ℃, 60 min ultrasonication, 70% ethanol, and the fi nal extraction amount was 88.634 mg/g, which displayed a 25.15% and 34.08% improvement compared with the single ultrasonication and enzymatic extraction methods, respectively. Significant antibacterial effects of polyphenols were shown against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Further antioxidation eff ects were evaluated, and the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate and DPPH free radical scavenging rate reached 45.2%, 83.5% and 85.4%, respectively. This combined enzymatic and ultrasonic extraction method exhibited the advantages of high extraction rate, saving solvent consumption and extraction time, but also provided a new method for the development and utilization of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant health products. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Relationship between tea pigments and health: A bibliometric and visual analysis Xiaoya Pan, Fangyuan Wei, Mengyuan Zhao, Xiangrong Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2024, 6 (1): 33-41.   Abstract （125）      PDF（pc） （3145KB）（152）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract: Tea pigments have significant effects on human health. However, more attention have been paid to their physiological functions. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantitative and qualitative impact of tea pigments on human health, together with their current and potential future research directions. The study searched and screened 520 publications on WOS from January 2002 to December 2022. The article collected and collated literature published in the last 20 years and analyzed it bibliometrically for years, journals, countries, authors, topics, keywords and strongest citation bursts. The findings of keywords and strongest citation bursts revealed that the most discussed research topics were anticancer, black tea polyphenol, antioxidant, activator inhibitor, in vivo, gut microbiota, and summarize the relevant literature. As a reference for future research, the literature pointed out current shortcomings and speculated future development trend of tea pigments. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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New N-acetyl-L-cysteine derivatives synthesized by the degradation of proanthocyanidins as high biological activity antioxidants Yuxuan Wang, Ruifang Bai, Siqi Luo, Meng Huang, Yan Cui Journal of Polyphenols    2021, 3 (1): 14-31.   Abstract （783）      PDF（pc） （13490KB）（141）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract A novel degradation method was investigated to synthesize highly biologically active flavan-3-ol derivatives in the presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as a nucleophile under acidic conditions for polymerized proanthocyanidins degradation. The reaction conditions were optimized by the combination of single-factor test and central composite experimental design (CCD). Grape seed proanthocyanidins were reacted with NAC at a ratio of 1 : 3 with 0.3 M methanolic HCl, a temperature of 55 ºC, and a reaction time of 50 mins. M ost of the degradation products were separated and prepared by one-step high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC). Three monomeric proanthocyanidins and four new N-acetyl-L-cysteine derivatives were isolated from degradation products with total degradation yield of 55.44% and high purity over 95%. Furthermore, the neuroprotective abilities of these compounds to H2O2-treated PC-12 neuroblastoma cells were evaluated. NAC derivatives showed better antioxidant activity than their corresponding underivatized monomers and NAC, indicating that they had a better performance in protecting PC-12 cells from oxidative stress damage. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mechanism of action of Balanophora involucrata polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of myocardial injury based on network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques Shipeng Duan, Ting Gao, Feifei Li, Xuehan Li, Haojun Shen, Fang Wang, Xiaoshu Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2024, 6 (2): 45-55.   Abstract （85）      PDF（pc） （8713KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the mechanism of action of Balanophora involucrata polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of myocardial injury. In the present study, Balanophora involucrata was extracted by refl uxing 75% of ethanol. The obtained extract was extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol respectively. And the ethyl acetate layer was separated. The extract was prepared by silica gel column chromatography, sephadex LH-20 elution and thin layer chromatography. After that, the Swiss target prediction database was utilized to obtain the targets of Balanophora involucrata, and the Genecards, OMIM and TTD databases were used to predict and screen the targets of Balanophora involucrata for the treatment of myocardial injury. The active ingredient-target network was constructed using Cytoscape software, and the PPI network was mapped using String database and Cytoscape software. GO bioprocess enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed by Metascape software to predict the mechanism of action. Molecular docking was performed in Discovery Studio 2016 client software to verify the binding of Balanophora involucrata polyphenols to key targets. In this study, six polyphenolic compounds were isolated from Balanophora involucrata. By GO enrichment analysis, 1 614 biological processes (BP), 127 cellular compositions (CC), and 215 molecular functions (MF) were obtained; a total of 155 cross-targets were involved in the KEGG enrichment analysis. The PPI network showed that quercetin was the main active component of polyphenolic compounds against myocardial injury and that AKT1, EGFR, STAT3, SRC, ESR1, MMP9, HSP90AA1 and other related signals were associated with myocardial injury treatment. Finally, the multicomponent-multi-target-multi-pathway action of Balanophora involucrata was concluded, which provided new ideas and methods for further research on the mechanism of action of Balanophora involucrata in myocardial injury. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The mechanism of Callistephus chinensis flavonoid compounds in the treatment of diabetes using network pharmacology and molecular docking Mingyuan Yuan, Xiaoli Wang, Ziqi Sun, Xiaoshu Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2024, 6 (1): 11-19.   Abstract （133）      PDF（pc） （4622KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract The purpose of this project is used for exploring the mechanism of Callistephus chinensis in the treatment of diabetes by network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. The target of Callistephus chinensis was obtained from SwissTargetPrediction database, while the target related to diabetes was obtained from GeneCards and OMIM databases. The target was added in String database to build the protein interaction network. GO biological process enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were carried out by Metascape software, then the target-pathway network was constructed. Molecular docking was carried out in Discovery Studio 2016 Client software to verify the binding force of Callistephus chinensis flavonoid compounds with key targets. In this study, 10 potential active components were selected from the flavonoid monomer compounds of Callistephus chinensis. 1 847 biological processes (BP), 126 cell compositions (CC) and 256 molecular functions (MF) were obtained by GO enrichment analysis; a total of 194 pathways were involved in KEGG enrichment analysis of 192 cross targets. Network analysis showed that quercetin was the main active component of flavonoids in the treatment of diabetes, AKT1, TNF, VEGFA, EGFR, SRC and other related signals were in relation to the treatment of diabetes. This study showed that Callistephus chinensis flavonoid compounds play a role in the treatment of diabetes by regulating multi-target and multi-pathway. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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RNA-seq analysis of protective effect of epicatechin gallate on H2O2-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells Nan Cheng, Xinxin Lin, Jiayue Xu, Kai Wang, Kaile Wang, Zhengping Liu, Parhat Kamel, Fang Wang Journal of Polyphenols    2022, 4 (1): 1-16.   Abstract （652）      PDF（pc） （35754KB）（122）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Epicatechin gallate (ECG) is one of the polyphenolic compounds and has attracted much attention due to its various bioactivities. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of ECG against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells as well as the possible mechanisms were investigated. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs), GO enrichment, and KEGG enrichment were analyzed to explore the mechanism of ECG against H2O2-induced oxidative injury by using the RNA-seq method. Finally, the change in the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. H2O2 (400-1200 μ mol/L) inhibited the cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. ECG (6-150 μmol/L) eff ectively attenuated the H2O2-induced decrease in cell viability. RNA-seq analysis showed that ECG regulated 1 058 coexpressed DEGs. GO enrichment analysis showed that the cellular component was the dominant group after ECG treatment. KEGG analysis showed that the cell cycle, fanconi anemia pathway, and homologous recombination were the important pathways for ECG in improving H2O2-induced oxidative injury and 28 coexpressed DEGs in the cell cycle pathway were summarized. Finally, cell cycle analysis also proved that ECG improved H2O2-induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Our present study demonstrated that ECG attenuated H2O2-induced neurologic oxidative damage by multiple modulatory mechanisms at the molecular transcription level. These fi ndings provide new insights for further study of the molecular mechanism of the neuroprotection of ECG. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Exploring the mechanism of Crocus sativus and Rosa rugosa for the treatment of coronary heart disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking Aijinxiu Ma, Zihan Hou, Ming Yang, Xu Zhao Journal of Polyphenols    2024, 6 (1): 20-32.   Abstract （104）      PDF（pc） （7239KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) is the main type of cardiovascular disease. The efficacy of Uyghur drug compound Saffron formula in CHD has been clinically proven. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, researchers investigated the active ingredients and mechanism of action of Crocus sativus and Rosa rugosa in the treatment of CHD by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, collected target information with the help of TCMSP, GEO, GeneCards, and other databases, constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagrams by STRING database, performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on common targets, and finally molecularly docked the active ingredients with core targets. C. sativus-R. rugosa have a variety of polyphenol compounds, a total of 12 active ingredients, including quercetin and kaempferol, were screened. The first three targets intersected with the core targets of CHD as AKT1, TNF, and IL-1B. Enrichment results of KEGG pathway showed that C. sativus-R. rugosa against CHD involved atherosclerosis pathways. The molecular docking results showed that quercetin and kaempferol were well bound to the core targets, and it was speculated that these components might be the main active ingredients for the treatment of CHD. The potential mechanism of action of C. sativus-R. rugosa for the treatment of coronary heart disease was initially revealed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimization of extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peel by orthogonal experiment design and antioxidant activity Hanxin Zhang, Junan Zhen, Jiajun Yin, Caihong Shi, Xiangrong Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (2): 51-59.   Abstract （177）      PDF（pc） （1614KB）（96）       Knowledge map    Save The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction process and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from Yunnan Mengzi pomegranate peel. Single factor and orthogonal test were used as optimize the extract rate (ER) of polyphenols from pomegranate peel (PGP). The polyphenols antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH·, ·OH and total reducing ability, and compared with that of Vc. The optimum extraction conditions of polyphenols were as follows: ethanol concentration of 50%, liquid-solid ratio of 50:1, extraction temperature of 90 °C, extraction for 4 h. Under these conditions, the ER of polyphenols from GPG was 8.15%. The results showed that the scavenging eff ects of polyphenols and Vc on DPPH·, ·OH increased with increasing concentration, and the scavenging eff ect of polyphenols on DPPH· was higher than Vc in rang of 0.1-1.6 μg/mL. When the concentration is greater than 0.6 μg/mL, the scavenging eff ects of plyphenols on ·OH is higher than Vc. The total reducing ability of polyphenols from PGP improved with the increase of concentration, and when the concentration was 8 μg/mL, the total reducing ability was 114 U/mL. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas Jianxin Song, Dezhi Gao, Xiaodong Wang Journal of Polyphenols    2024, 6 (2): 78-86.   Abstract （96）      PDF（pc） （2826KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract Quinoa is a good source of phenolics, which both exist as free and bound forms. In order to mark clear the characteristic free and bound phenolics in different quinoa samples, in this study, characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas including WQ (white quinoa), RQ (red quinoa) and BQ (black quinoa) were investigated. Result showed a total of 14 phenolics both acted as free and bound form were analyzed in three colored quinoas (WQ, RQ and BQ). Gallic acid, vanillic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid and quercetin existed both as free and bound forms were common phenolics in quinoas. The highest total free phenolics (238.10 mg/kg) and bound phenolics (3 377.75 mg/kg) were presented in WQ and RQ, respectively. It indicated WQ and RQ were respectively good source of free and bound phenolics. Moreover, characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas could be well analyzed by principal component analysis ( PCA), indicating it was an eff ective and reliable method in distinguishing three colored quinoas based on their characteristic free and bound phenolics, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in mulberry powder treated at high temperature Jiajun Yin, Junan Zheng, Xin Li, Jiaqing Cao, Xinyao Guan, Xiangrong Zhang Journal of Polyphenols    2023, 5 (2): 81-87.   Abstract （127）      PDF（pc） （3496KB）（86）       Knowledge map    Save The aim of this study was to investigate changes of polyphenols content and the antioxidant activity of mulberry fruit powder after heating at high temperature. The mulberry fruit powder was heated by baking method at different temperature and time. The DPPH scavenging ability, the OH•- scavenging ability and the O2•- scavenging ability were used to evaluate the changes in the antioxidant activity of the mulberry fruit powder after the heat treatment. The results showed that 74.87% of the polyphenols in the mulberry powder were lost after heating at 150 ℃ for 5 min, and almost all the polyphenols were lost with the increase of the heating time and temperature. The antioxidant experiment showed that the DPPH scavenging rate, OH•- scavenging rate and O2•- scavenging rate of mulberry fruit powder were 68.90%, 39.15% and 14.09%, respectively after treatment at 150 ℃ for 5 min. Mulberry fruit powder still has some potential to be added to baked goods as a functional ingredient. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）